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http://www.feedadditive.com/docs/jas-90-Supplement_4-266.pdf

Article (PDF Available) in Journal of Animal Science 90(Supplement 4):266-268 · January 2013 with 198 Reads

X. Ma,*2 P. X. Fan,*L. S. Li,* S. Y. Qiao,* G. L. Zhang,† D. F. Li*
*State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; and †Department of Animal
Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078

Butyrate promotes the recovering of intestinal wound healing through its positive effect on the tight junctions (PDF Download Available).

http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v103/n1/full/ajg20085050a.html

https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-8-194

The American Journal of Gastroenterology 103, 252-254 (January 2008) | doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01562_14.x

Roberto Berni CananiEmail author, Gianluca Terrin, Ausilia Elce, Vincenza Pezzella, Peter Heinz-Erian, Annalisa Pedrolli, Chiara Centenari, Felice Amato, Rossella Tomaiuolo, Antonio Calignano, Riccardo Troncone and Giuseppe Castaldo

Received: 4 June 2013

Accepted: 10 December 2013

Published: 19 December 2013

Abstract

Background

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by life-long, severe diarrhea with intestinal Cl^– malabsorption. It results from a reduced activity of the down regulated in adenoma exchanger (DRA), due to mutations in the solute carrier family 26, member 3 (SLC26A3) gene. Currently available therapies are not able to limit the severity of diarrhea in CLD. Conflicting results have been reported on the therapeutic efficacy of oral butyrate.

Methods

We investigated the effect of oral butyrate (100 mg/kg/day) in seven CLD children with different SLC26A3 genotypes. Nasal epithelial cells were obtained to assess the effect of butyrate on the expression of the two main Cl^– transporters: DRA and putative anion transporter-1 (PAT-1).

Results

A variable clinical response to butyrate was observed regarding the stool pattern and fecal ion loss. The best response was observed in subjects with missense and deletion mutations. Variable response to butyrate was also observed on SLC26A3 (DRA) and SLC26A6 (PAT1) gene expression in nasal epithelial cells of CLD patients.

Conclusions

We demonstrate a genotype-dependency for butyrate therapeutic efficacy in CLD. The effect of butyrate is related in part on a different modulation of the expression of the two main apical membrane Cl^– exchangers of epithelial cells, members of the SLC26 anion family.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical trial Registry ACTRN12613000450718.

Keywords

SLC26A3 SLC26A6 DRA Mutations Short chain fatty acids Pediatrics Children

Introduction

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD-OMIM 214700) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by life-long, severe diarrhea with intestinal Cl^– malabsorption. It results from a reduced activity of the down-regulated in adenoma exchanger (DRA), due to mutations in the solute carrier family 26, member 3 (SLC26A3) gene [1, 2, 3]. In humans, SLC26A3 encodes for a 764-amino acid protein and is located on chromosome 7 in a head-to-tail arrangement with SLC26A4 (pendrin), indicating ancient gene duplication [1, 2, 3]. Over 50 different SLC26A3 mutations, including founder mutations in Finland, Poland, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait populations, have been identified in CLD patients [4]. Such mutations are heterogeneous (mainly missense, insertion/deletion, nonsense and splicing), spread all over the SLC26A3 gene, and have a different impact on the expression and the activity of DRA [5, 6]. Although no genotype-phenotype correlation attributed to different SLC26A3 mutations has been noted, the overall clinical picture and outcome of CLD patients range from severe neonatal disease, with life threatening hypoelectrolytemia and dehydration, to a relatively mild chronic form, which may remain undiagnosed for long time [7, 8, 9, 10]. Increasing evidences suggest the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, and of other undefined environmental factors, as modulators of the prognosis and clinical severity of CLD [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. In patients with CLD, supplementation therapy with a combination of Cl^– salts (NaCl and KCl) is essential in preventing episodes of dehydration that could result in mental and psychomotor impairment, and in chronic contraction of the intravascular space that could lead to renal dysfunction and gout [7, 11]. Unfortunately, this therapy is unable to limit the severity of diarrhea, as for other therapeutic approaches, such as omeprazole, acetazolamide and cholestyramine [12, 13, 14, 15].

The role of the amylase-resistant starch has been increasingly recognized for the management of diarrheal diseases [16, 17]. Dietary fibres are fermented by gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate [18, 19, 20]. Butyrate exerts a powerful pro-absorptive stimulus on intestinal NaCl transport and an anti-secretory effect on Cl^– secretion [2, 19, 20]. In a child affected by CLD, we demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of oral butyrate, showing a progressive reduction to normal values in the number of bowel movements and stool volume, an improvement in stool consistency, and a reduction of fecal incontinence episodes. A reduction of fecal electrolyte and persistency of normal serum electrolyte concentrations were also demonstrated [18]. Subsequently, Wedenoja et al. evidenced different results in five CLD patients homozygous for a frameshift mutation [21]. These findings suggest that the variable response to butyrate could depend, at least in part, on different SLC26A3 genotype.

The two main transporters involved in Cl^– absorption at intestinal level are DRA and putative anion transporter 1 (PAT-1), encoded by SLC26A6 gene [22]. It has been demonstrated that butyrate is able to regulate DRA gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells [22], but the possible effect of butyrate on SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 expression in CLD patients is still unknown.

In this study we evaluated the therapeutic effect of butyrate in children affected by CLD with different SLC26A3 genotype through a clinical trial and an in vitro investigation.

Methods

Clinical trial

Ethics

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Naples Federico II (n. 3469/07) and by the Italian Agency for Drugs (AIFA), and it was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical trial Registry (ACTRN12613000450718). All authors had access to the study data and had reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Population

The Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit at the University of Naples “Federico II” is an International Reference Center for patients with CLD, and served as Coordinator Center of this study. From 2005 to 2010, 35 cases of suspected CLD were referred to the Center, and a definitive diagnosis of CLD was obtained in 25 patients with different ethnicity. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of all CLD patients were collected in a dedicated data-base. All subjects included in this database were invited to participate in the study with the aim to evaluate at least one patient for each of main mutations (missense, deletion, nonsense and splicing). The physicians of all Centers received by E mail the protocol and any request of information was satisfied by a direct contact with the Coordinator Center. Exclusion criteria were: severe dehydration; concomitant presence of infections; concomitant other chronic diseases; renal insufficiency; use of probiotics/prebiotics, non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or antibiotics in the last 4 weeks.

Genotype definition of children enrolled into the clinical trial

Molecular analysis was performed in the laboratory of CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate , the reference Center for molecular diagnosis of inherited diseases in Campania region (about 6 million of inhabitants), located in southern Italy. DNA was extracted from an EDTA blood sample with the Nucleon BACC2 kit (Amersham Biosciences, USA). The primers used are reported elsewhere [23]. The touchdown PCR protocol that enables co-amplification of all exons under the same PCR conditions is available on request. Sequencing analysis was carried out on both strands with an automated procedure (3100 Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystem). All PCR fragments were sequenced with the primers used for PCR. Furthermore, we used the Expand Long Template PCR System (Roche, Germany) to verify deletion extension in patient bearing c.2008-151_2061 + 1546 del mutation. We used the forward primer of exon 17 and the reverse primer of exon 19 [23], both known to be intact in exon-specific assays. The expected fragment is about 6300 bp. The PCR conditions are available on request.

Intervention

We used a commercially available sodium butyrate formulation (SOBUTIR®, Promefarm, Milan, Italy). Butyrate was administered orally at 100 mg/kg/day, divided in 2 doses, with a maximal dosage of 4 g/day, for 1 week. Number of tablets of sodium butyrate (1 gr/tablet) consumed by the child during the trial were reported in a specific form by the parents. A good compliance was considered the intake of at least 80% of the prescribed doses. Parents of the enrolled children were advised to avoid co-administration of other treatments, including anti-diarrheal drugs, antibiotics, prebiotics or probiotics during the trial. Children continued their normal diet during the study period. Throughout the study period, all CLD subjects were examined as outpatients and they had free access to the services of referred hospitals.

Trial design and data collection

This was an open trial on subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of CLD. The purposes and the modalities of the study were illustrated to the parents during the first visit (Visit 1), and a written informed consent was obtained from parents or tutors of each enrolled patient. Baseline clinical and laboratory data were collected during the week before butyrate treatment, and were considered representative of the usual pattern of each enrolled patient. In particular, the parents of each patient were instructed to record daily in a specific clinical chart: number of bowel movements, fecal volume, stool consistency (using a scoring system: normal = 0, loose = 1, semi-liquid = 2, liquid =3), and presence of incontinence. At the end of the baseline week of observation, the clinical chart of each child was collected and the patient was re-evaluated (Visit 2). A full clinical evaluation was performed and serum, fecal and urinary ion concentrations were determined, together with serum pH, renin and aldosterone values, as previously described [18]. Fecal electrolyte concentrations were measured on stool samples collected daily during the last 3 days of observational period. The parents of each enrolled subject received a written prescription about the modalities of butyrate administration for 1 week associated with oral NaCl/KCl supplementation, as previously described [18]. In the last 3 days of treatment we collected daily a fecal sample to study the effect of butyrate on fecal Na⁺ and Cl^– concentration. At the end of treatment with butyrate, the patients were re-evaluated (Visit 3), and serum, urinary and fecal electrolyte concentrations were measured again. Primary outcome of the study was the reduction of Cl^– and Na⁺ fecal losses induced by butyrate therapy.

In vitro study

Ex-vivo epithelial cell collection by nasal brushing

Nasal brushing was performed using an endo-brush at the level of the inferior turbinate without anesthetic procedures.

Epithelial cell culture

The sample obtained from each nostril was immediately conserved in a 15 mL tube containing 2.5 mL of RPMI 1640 medium, complemented with 3% ampicillin. Cells were placed on Eppendorf Thermomixer, in agitation at 300 rpm for one hour. Once removed the brush from every sample, cells were centrifuged at 931 Xg (2000 rpm) for 20 minutes, supernatant was discarded and cell pellet was treated with 150 μL of Trypsin-Versene (EDTA) solution (Lonza, SW) for 4 minutes at 37°C, in order to disaggregate possible cell clusters. Trypsin was inactivated by adding 3 mL of serum-free Bronchial Epithelial cell Growth Medium (BEGM Clonetics, USA). After centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes, cells were placed in CELL + T 25 flasks (Sarstedt Ltd, UK). At confluence of 60%, cells were passed in new flasks after count using Invitrogen Cell Countess (Invitrogen, UK). Trypan blue exclusion test was used in order to establish total viable cells number and percentage of viability.

Effect of butyrate on epithelial cells

At the confluence of >80%, cells were treated with 5 mM of sodium butyrate for 24 hours. RNA was extracted with TRIZol method (Invitrogen, UK). Total RNA amount was quantified with Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, UK). One microgram of total RNA was retro-transcribed with Quantitect Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen, Germany), cDNA was diluted for downstream applications like quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Expression levels of either SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 from treated and untreated cells were measured by semi-quantitative real-time PCR on LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche, Germany) with Taqman probe chemistry (experiments were performed in replicate using also SYbr Green chemistry). Results were normalized for housekeeping glyceraldheyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) gene. Levels of SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 expression before and after treatment were compared in order to establish changes determined by butyrate exposure. Calculation of relative gene expression was performed according to Pfaffl et al. [24], and the expression was calculated using the formula of relative gene expression with DDCt method (where DDCt corresponds to the increase in the threshold cycle of the target gene with respect to the increase in the threshold cycle of the housekeeping gene). Hence, the final quantification value for each condition indicated the relative change of gene expression in the target gene compared to the control, for each sample.

Statistical analysis

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether variables were normally distributed. The chi-square test was applied for categorical variables, and for continuous variables, differences between groups were analyzed by Mann- Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate if the effects of butyrate may depend by clinical or genetic factors. All analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. Statistical analysis was carried out by the SPSS software for Windows 16.0 and by StatDirect 1.7.

Results

Clinical trial

Enrollment of patients was performed from January 2010 to December 2012. Out of 25 eligible children with CLD, 18 subjects were excluded (8 not meeting inclusion criteria, 10 declined to participate because different Ethics Committee regulatory procedures and logistic difficulties), 7 were enrolled in the study (Figure 1). All patients showed a typical clinical picture of CLD with early onset diarrhea. Three subjects received a late diagnosis.

SLC26A3 genotype was defined for each subjects. Patients 1, 3 and 7 presented previously unreported mutations. Patients 1 and 2 had missense mutations and the protein was expressed on cell membrane. Patient 3 was homozygous for a large deletion that caused the synthesis of a truncated protein and some amount of the protein was present at membrane level. Patients 4 to 6 were homozygous for nonsense mutations with no protein expression at membrane level. Patient 7 was homozygous for a splicing mutation that causes the synthesis of an aberrant mRNA, with no protein expression at membrane level. The genotype and main demographic features of study subjects are reported in Table 1.

Patient	Age at diagnosis	Age the enrollment	Sex	Ethnic origin	Body weight (kg)	SLC26A3 genotype	Type of mutation
1	6.5 y	16 y	M	Caucasian	70	c.1484A > C*	Missense
						c.1640C > A*
2	4 m	3 y	M	Caucasian	22	c.386C > T	Missense
						c.386C > T
3	6 y	12 y	M	Caucasian	32	c.1008-151_2061 + 1546del*	Deletion
						c.1008-151_2061 + 1546del*
4	3 m	18 y	F	Caucasian	58	c.2132 T > G	Nonsense
						c.2132 T > G
5	1 m	18 y	M	African	55	c.559G > T	Nonsense
						c.559G > T
6	1 m	15 y	M	African	57	c.559G > T	Nonsense
						c.559G > T
7	10 m	1.5 y	M	Caucasian	10	c.1408-G > C*	Splicing
						c.1408-G > C*

*Novel mutations.

All patients were evaluated in stable clinical conditions. Overall, butyrate therapy induced a reduction of Cl^– (136 mmol/l, IQR 13 vs 120 mmol/l, IQR 42; p < 0.001) and Na⁺ (78 mmol/l, IQR 29 vs 50 mmol/l, IQR 49; p = 0.002) fecal losses in CLD patients, but a variable response was observed in children with different SLC26A3 genotype. The more evident reduction of fecal ion losses was observed in patients with missense and deletion mutations (Figure 2).

A variable clinical response was also observed on stool pattern in CLD patients with different mutations. Clinical response (defined by a concomitant significant reduction of ≥2 variables) was observed in patients with missense and deletion mutations (Table 2). A reduction of incontinence episodes was observed in patients 1, 2 and 3. The effect of butyrate on stool pattern became evident within the first 48 hours and remained stable during the following days of treatment.

Patient	Bowel movements			Stool volume (ml)			Stool consistency (score)
	Basal	On Butyrate	p	Basal	On Butyrate	p	Basal	On Butyrate	p
1	4 (3)	2 (1)	0.003	2100 (500)	1600 (450)	0.047	3 (2)	2 (1)	0.379
	(3–6)	(2–3)		(1800–2300)	(1400–1850)		(1–3)	(2–2)
2	4 (2)	3 (1)	0.147	1400 (450)	1200 (300)	0.046	3 (0)	2 (1)	0.023
	(3–5)	(3–4)		(1200–1650)	(1000–1300)		(3–3)	(2–3)
3	3 (2)	2 (0)	0.021	1500 (200)	900 (400)	0.015	3 (0)	2 (1)	0.107
	(2–4)	(2–2)		(1400–1600)	(800–1200)		(3–3)	(2–3)
4	6 (2)	6 (1)	0.892	2000 (400)	1500 (200)	0.053	3 (0)	2 (1)	0.037
	(5–7)	(6–7)		(1800–2200)	(1500–1700)		(3–3)	(2–3)
5	2 (2–3)	2 (1)	0.263	1200 (200)	1100 (300)	0.261	2 (1)	3 (1)	0.606
	(2–3)	(1–2)		(1100–1300)	(900–1200)		(2–3)	(2–3)
6	2 (2)	1 (0)	0.238	900 (200)	800 (400)	0.435	2 (1)	2 (1)	0.872
	(0–2)	(1–1)		(800–1000)	(700–1100)		(1–2)	(1–2)
7	3 (1)	4 (1)	0.299	1000 (200)	900 (200)	0.289	2 (1)	2 (0)	0.254
	(3–4)	(3–4)		(900–1100)	(800–1000)		(1–2)	(2–2)

Note. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Stool consistency score: normal = 0, loose = 1; semi-liquid = 2; liquid = 3.

The multivariate analysis revealed that only the genotype significantly (p = 0.008) influence the response to butyrate treatment (i.e. missense and deletion mutations that allow the expression of DRA at membrane level). The study procedures and oral butyrate treatment were well accepted by the patients. Serum and urinary electrolyte concentrations, and serum pH, renin and aldosterone levels remained stable within normal ranges during the study period. In Table 3 were summarized the main results of butyrate therapy according to the type of mutations observed in CLD patients.

	Genotype		Response to butyrate
Patient	SLC26A3 genotype	Type of mutation	Fecal Cl–loss	Stool Pattern*
1	c.1484A > C*	Missense	Reduced	Improved
	c.1640C > A*
2	c.386C > T	Missense	Reduced	Improved
	c.386C > T
3	c.1008-151_2061 + 1546del*	Deletion	Reduced	Improved
	c.1008-151_2061 + 1546del*
4	c.2132 T > G	Nonsense	Unchanged	Unchanged
	c.2132 T > G
5	c.559G > T	Nonsense	Unchanged	Unchanged
	c.559G > T
6	c.559G > T	Nonsense	Unchanged	Unchanged
	c.559G > T
7	c.1408-G > C*	Splicing	Unchanged	Unchanged
	c.1408-G > C*

*defined as a significant reduction of a least two out of three parameters (bowel movements, stool volume, stool consistency).

In vitro study

A variable response to butyrate was observed on SLC26A3 mRNA expression in epithelial nasal cell culture. Butyrate was able to increase the expression of SLC26A3 gene in 5 out of 7 CLD patients (i.e., patients 1, 2, 3, 4 e 7). In two cases (i.e., patients 5 and 6, both homozygous for the G187X nonsense mutation) butyrate significantly inhibited SLC26A3 expression (Figure 3). The SLC26A6 mRNA expression resulted significantly increased by butyrate in epithelial nasal cells from 5 out of 7 CLD patients, i.e., cases 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, while it was significantly reduced in one case (i.e., patient 1) and remained unchanged in patient 3 (Figure 3).

Discussion

This is the first study exploring the efficacy of butyrate in a population of CLD subjects with different mutations in SLC26A3 gene. We confirm the efficacy of butyrate on intestinal ion transport in a subset of CLD patients and we demonstrate that the clinical effect of butyrate is at least in part dependent on genotype. A full response to butyrate (defined by a concomitant significant reduction of Na⁺ and Cl^– fecal losses and improvement in stool pattern) was observed only in patients with missense and deletion mutations. On the contrary, a partial response was observed in patients with nonsense or splicing mutations.

It has been previously demonstrated that butyrate is able to modulate transepithelial ion transport through at least 2 mechanisms: i) stimulation of Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers 2 (NHE2) and 3 (NHE3) activity; ii) inhibition of Cl^– secretion by limiting the action of the co-transporter Na-K-2Cl (encoded by NKCC1) on enterocyte baso-lateral membrane [19]. It has been shown that butyrate stimulates DRA expression in LS174T colonic cells [25], whenever data on a possible activity on PAT-1 gene expression were unavailable. Now we demonstrate that, in CLD patients, butyrate is able to modulate the expression of the two main intestinal Cl^– transporters: DRA and PAT1. The effect elicited on these two transporters could be considered a third potential mechanism of action, and it could be involved in the genotype-dependency of butyrate effect in CLD patients. The effect of butyrate on these two transporters seems to be different according to the type of SLC26A3 mutation. Patients with non-sense or splicing mutations showed a lower response in SLC26A3, but a more pronounced increase in SLC26A6 mRNA expression; whereas patients with missense or deletion mutation showed a more pronounced increase in SLC26A3 expression and a lower effects on SLC26A6 mRNA expression in nasal epithelial cell culture. Interestingly, a 3-fold up-regulation of PAT-1 expression was detected in DRA-knockout mice [26]. Altogether, these findings suggest that the up-regulation of PAT-1 in CLD patients may play a compensatory role in electrolyte homeostasis. DRA has been shown to be the major apical Cl^– absorbing isoform in the colon and ileum able to regulate a large amount of water daily [25]. Additionally, studies have shown that DRA-knockout mice show reduction in apical Cl^–/HCO₃ exchange activity and exhibit diarrheal phenotype with significant increased Cl^– and water stool content [25]. On the contrary, although PAT-1 is involved in Cl^– transport, unlike DRA it is not directly coupled to the water movements demonstrated by PAT-1-knockout mice showing a reduction in Cl^– absorption, but not exhibiting a diarrheal phenotype [26, 27]. Thus it is possible to hypothesize that the effect induced by butyrate on fecal ions loss is due at least in part by a regulatory action on PAT-1 expression.

The variable butyrate effect in CLD patients seems to be influenced by SLC26A3 genotype. However, the different diarrhea-reducing responses of butyrate observed among patients with similar mutations strongly suggests the existence of other still unidentified regulatory elements. The hypothesis that butyrate may display a large pattern of biochemical effects on intestinal ion channels with a strong inter-individual variability is also supported by a study on 5 CLD patients, all homozygous for a deletion mutation, showing a variable clinical response to this treatment [21].

We feel that the evidence of an improved clinical outcome by butyrate at least in a subset of CLD patients is of potential importance either for the therapeutic management and for the interpretation of the mechanisms that regulate ion absorption at intestinal level in this condition. The effects of endogenous production of butyrate elicited by different dietary habits could be able to influence the clinical picture in CLD patients with same genotype, as previously reported [19].

Conclusion

We demonstrate that butyrate may act efficiently on either fecal ion loss, and on the severity of diarrhea in a subset of CLD patients. The activity of butyrate seems to be more complex than expected, depending either on the profile of the SLC26A3 gene mutations, but also on other genes, and our study starts to make light on this network.

Author’s contribution

BCR, TG, CA, TR and CG designed the study and wrote the first draft of the paper. EA, TR and AF performed in vitro study. HEP, PA, CC, PV and TR cared for the patients and participated in the writing of the paper. TG performed data analysis. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript and approved the content of the paper.

http://www.feedadditive.com/docs/butyrate_diarrhea_Children.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1594580408600066

E. Scarpellini.  .E.C. Lauritano.  .A. Lupascu.  .C. Petruzzellis.  .M.L. Novi.  .D. Roccarina.  .M. Gabrielli.  .M. Serricchio.  .G. Gasbarrini.  .A. Gasbarrini.  .

http://www.feedadditive.com/docs/butyrate-and-its-multifarious-effects-on-intestinal-health.pdf

Butyrate is a short chain fatty acid that deserves particular attention  as  an  important  energy  source  for  cells  in  the  intestinal  tract  and  its  multiple  beneficial  effects  on  vital  intestinal  function.  In  the  digestive  tract,  butyrate  is  naturally  present  in  high  concentrations  in  the  lumen  of  the  large  intestine.  Dietary  fibres  are  used  in  diets  for companion animals as a substrate for the microbial production of  butyrate. Microbial fermentation of dietary fibre in the colon results in  the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA’s), such as acetate,  propionate  and  butyrate.  The  prebiotic  potential  of  different  fibre  sources  is  frequently  compared  based  on  microbial  production  of  SCFA’s and in particular butyrate. The positive effect of butyrate can  also be achieved by direct addition of the SCFA to the diet. However,  unprotected butyrate will be directly absorbed in the first part of the  digestive tract before reaching the large intestine. Micro-encapsulation  of butyrate results in the targeted release of butyrate over the whole  digestive tract and, just as importantly, correct coating reduces the  typical unpleasant smell of butyrate.  Natural production of butyrate The  intestinal  microbiota  plays  a  critical  role  in  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  intestinal  health.  Fermentation  of  dietary  fibres  by  commensal  bacteria  results  in  the  production  of  SCFA’s.  Approximately 95-99% of SCFA’s produced in the hindgut is quickly  absorbed and delivers energy to the animal (1). Dietary fibre and their  fermentation  metabolites  play  an  important  role  in  the  metabolism  Butyrate and its  multifarious  effects on  intestinal  health

http://www.feedadditive.com/docs/Dietetic-supplementation-with-butiric-acid.-what-is-the-evidence.pdf

Butyric acid is a short chain fatty acid with a central role in the metabolism and homeostasis of the digestive system, specially of the colon.

It is mainly provided to the body through the microbial fermentation of dietetic fiber, but also to a lesser extent through a few foods which content different chemical forms of butyric acid, although they are in very small quantities.

Due to the important positive butyric acid actions over the development of the intestinal epithelium, the balance of intestinal microbiota, the intestinal permeability and its noticeable anti-inflammatory effect, there have been many studies about the possible therapeutic usage of the supplementation with this short chain fatty acid in gastrointestinal pathologies, like:

• Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease)
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Colon cancer
• Constipation
• Diarrhea 
• Travelers diarrhea
• Antibiotics associated diarrhea

Some of the main clinical trials and other possible therapeutic usages are detailed next:

216 patients with ulcerative colitis showed an incomplete response to standard mesalazine treatment. The treatment proposed included mesalazine, butyric acid and inuline, being effective in reducing disease activity with a marked improvement of symptoms and in the endoscopic appearance of mucosa.
Combined butyric acid/mesalazine treatment in ulcerative colitis with mild-moderate activity. Results of a multicentre pilot study. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2008 Sep;54(3):231-8. 

25 patients with ulcerative colitis completed this clinical trial in two groups, where one group treatment was mesalazine and the other was mesalazine plus butyric acid. The results of the present study indicate that oral butyrate is safe and well tolerated. These data also suggest that oral butyrate may improve the efficacy of oral mesalazine in active ulcerative colitis and prompt the need of a large scale investigation to confirm the present findings.
Combined oral sodium butyrate and mesalazine treatment compared to oral mesalazine alone in ulcerative colitis: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 May;45(5):976-81. 

After 4 weeks there was a significant decrease of pain during defaecation in the microencapsulated sodium butyrate group versus the placebo group, which extended to improvement of urgency and bowel habit at 12 weeks of treatment in this trial of sixty-six patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Microencapsulated sodium butyrate reduces the frequency of abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Colorectal Dis. 2013 Feb;15(2):204-9. 

This article describes how butyric acid supplementation seems to be a promising therapy for irritable bowel syndrome. It is worth noting that no side effects were observed during treatment, which confirms the safety of its use in clinical practice.
Butyric acid in irritable bowel syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol. 2013;8(6):350-3. 

42 adult patients planning to travel to subtropical countries were enrolled in the study and randomized into a study group receiving butyric acid supplementation or placebo. In comparison to the control arm, the study arm noted significantly reduced occurrence of Travellers’ diarrhoea, being safe and may constitute a new method of travellers’ diarrhoea prevention.
Sodium butyrate and short chain fatty acids in prevention of travellers’ diarrhoea: a randomized prospective study. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Mar-Apr;12(2):183-8. 

The present study demonstrated that simultaneous treatment with LGG and tributyrin prevents antibiotic-induced downregulation of genes and proteins involved with intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and intestinal barrier function in the intestinal tract.
Lactobacillus GG and tributyrin supplementation reduce antibiotic-induced intestinal injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Nov;37(6):763-74.

This article presents the potential beneficial mechanisms of action of butyric acid in defecation disorders, which are primarily associated with reductions in pain during defecation and inflammation in the gut, among others.
Butyric acid in functional constipation. Prz Gastroenterol. 2013;8(5):295-8.  

This study shows the effects of tributyrin on growth, differentiation and vitamin D receptor expression in a human colon cancer cell line. Tributyrin was more potent in inhibiting growth and inducing cell differentiation than natural butyrate. The effect was further enhanced after addition of physiologic concentrations of dihydroxycholecalciferol.

This may provide a useful therapeutic approach in chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer by the two nutrients occurring naturally in human diet.
Tributyrin, a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of butyric acid, enhances antiproliferative effects of dihydroxycholecalciferol in human colon cancer cells. J Nutr. 2001 Jun;131(6):1839-43.

The research about administration forms of butyric acid is aimed to assure that the ingredient reaches the final part of the intestine, and tributyrin seems to work as a prodrug of butyric acid, being a triglyceride that liberate butyric acid by the action of enzyme lipase.
Clinical and pharmacologic study of tributyrin: an oral butyrate prodrug.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (2003) 51: 439.

Finally, note the article published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology: “Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases” in which they are reviewed and summarized the main trials and research on the wide range of clinical uses of butyric acid.
Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar 28; 17(12): 1519–1528.

David Manrique @ManriqueDVD 

María Eugenia González @EuNutricion

We am pleased to inform you that we are exhibiting at China Feed Expo 2017, Booth No 3C02, held in Fuzhou, China from 18th to 19th April 2017.

In case you are attending China Feed Expo 2017, we would like to take the opportunity to invite you to discuss with us on our non-antibiotic and green antidiarrheal products including Calcium Butyrate, Tannins and Benzoic Acid.

Guangzhou Insigther Animal Health Science Co., Ltd.

April 16, 2017

       《无抗配方下动物腹泻问题的新解决方案》内容由广州英赛特生物技术有限公司总经理、兽药学博士 彭险峰最新撰写并亲自在颐和论坛——第四届动物营养与健康养殖峰会暨动物营养学重点实验室学术年会上宣讲。 

时间：2017年4月15-17日 

地点：福州闽江世纪金源会展中心 

欢迎关注和想解决动物腹泻问题的饲料界同仁聆听和现场提问交流。

议程：

http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/activity/dwyy4/

（一）最新会议日程

平行会议二

（二）互动话题：

相邀榕城，相約2017中國飼料工業展覽會，廣州英賽特歡迎您（展位號：3C02）

時間：2017年4月18-19日

地點：福州閩江世紀金源會展

英賽特展位號：3C02

2017中國飼料工業展覽會將在4月18至19日于福州閩江世紀金源會展中心舉行，廣州英賽特生物技術有限公司熱忱歡迎您蒞臨本公司展位3C02指導交流。此外，公司研發總監彭險峰博士作為受邀嘉賓将在頤和論壇（第四屆動物營養與健康養殖峰會暨動物營養學重點實驗室學術年會）就無抗配方下動物腹瀉問題的新解決方案發表演講，如果有興趣參加頤和論壇，可以聯繫本人免費索取門票（該門票現場購買價格2200元人民幣），數量有限，先聯繫先得！

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（2）當妳的禽料頻頻發生過料水便而抓耳撓腮時；

（3）當妳面對現實的硫粘的禁用和將要進行的氧化鋅的限用壹直篩選不到成功的替代方案而郁悶時。

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（3）高效抗菌劑產品-苯甲酸系列：超粘素等。

展會期間，廣州英賽特生物技術有限公司研發總監彭險峰博士、覃宗華博士將就新形勢下動物腹瀉控制的新策略與各位飼料界同仁壹對壹地面對面地深入溝通交流，詳解從研發到制劑生產到劑量應用到效果跟蹤全過程。並向國內外參展客商展示產品的優異的制劑特性（外觀）、持續的應用效果（內容）。並對飼料和養殖壹條龍集團客戶提供動物（豬、禽）腹瀉控制的完整藥理學機制和針對性的解決方案——英賽特動物腹瀉控制五步曲（全程全套）。 熱忱歡迎國內外新老客戶蒞臨交流指導！

廣州英賽特生物技術有限公司展位號：3C02